Arteriopatía periférica asociada a marihuana / Marijuana-associated peripheral arteriopathy

La arteriopatía por marihuana debe ser considerada en pacientes jóvenes con arteriopatía periférica sin factores de riesgo para ateroesclerosis. Se ha descrito por primera vez en 1960 y existen más de 100 casos en la literatura. Si bien se tiende a considerar como una entidad independiente de la tromboangeítis obliterante o enfermedad de Leo Buerger, debido a los hallazgos la consideramos dentro del espectro de esta última. Presentamos dos casos de pacientes jóvenes con enfermedad vascular periférica asociada al consumo de marihuana, luego de excluir otras enfermedades. El tratamiento es el cese del consumo. Es indispensable valorar el uso de drogas en pacientes jóvenes que se presentan con arteriopatía periférica.

The marijuana arteriopathy should be considered in young patients with peripheral arterial disease with no risk factors for atherosclerosis. It was described for the first time in 1960 and since then there have been about 100 cases published in the literature. Although it tends to be considered as an independent entity of thromboangiitis obliterans or Leo Buerger´s disease, in the light of the last findings it is possible to consider it within the spectrum of the latter. We present two cases of young patients with peripheral vascular disease associated with marijuana use where other associated illnesses had been excluded and where the mainstay of treatment has been the cessation of marijuana consumption. It is essential to assess drug use in young patients presenting with peripheral arterial disease.

Estudo dos Fatores de Risco Associados a Arteriopatia Periferica em Nipo-brasileiros de Bauru (SP) / Study of Risk Factors Associated with Peripheral Arteriopathy in Japanese-Brazilians from Bauru (SP)

Fundamento: As patologias cardiovasculares são a maior causa de morbimortalidade nos países desenvolvidos e emergentes. Sua principal etiologia, a aterosclerose, é doença disseminada acometendo os territórios coronariano, cerebral e periférico. A doença arterial obstrutiva periférica (DAOP), além de suas consequências per se, sinaliza o acometimento do território coronariano. Portanto, seu melhor conhecimento permite tratamento adequado, retardando complicações locais e à distância, diminuindo o custo para o sistema de saúde. Objetivo: Este estudo estima a porcentagem de DAOP em nipo-brasileiros de Bauru (SP), reconhecidos pela alta prevalência de distúrbios metabólicos, como hipertensão arterial (43%), diabetes melito (33%) e hipercolesterolemia (60 %), e analisa a associação com biomarcadores de risco. Métodos: Este estudo transversal populacional avaliou 1.330 nipo-brasileiros de ambos os sexos com idade ≥ 30 anos que foram submetidos a exame físico completo, medidas antropométricas, exames laboratoriais e índice tornozelo-braço (ITB). Participantes com ITB ≤ 0,90 foram diagnosticados como portadores de DAOP. Após aplicação dos critérios de exclusão, 1.038 indivíduos integraram a análise. Empregou-se regressão de Poisson para análise das associações com DAOP. Resultados: A idade média foi 56,8 anos e a porcentagem de DAOP foi 21,1%, igual entre os sexos. DAOP associou-se com tabagismo (RP 2,16 [1,33-3,48]) e hipertensão arterial (RP 1,56 [1,12-2,22]). Conclusão: A porcentagem de DAOP nos nipo-brasileiros foi semelhante à de outras populações de perfil cardiometabólico desfavorável (US PARTNERS e POPADAD). A associação independente de DAOP com tabagismo e hipertensão, ...

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed and emerging countries. Their main etiology, atherosclerosis, is a disseminated disease that affects the coronary, cerebral and peripheral territories. The peripheral arterial disease (PAD), as well as its consequences, indicates the involvement of the coronary territory. Therefore, its better understanding enables proper treatment, delaying local and long-term complications, reducing the cost to the health system. Objective: This study estimates the percentage of PAD in Japanese-Brazilians from Bauru (SP), recognized by the high prevalence of metabolic disorders such as hypertension (43%), diabetes mellitus (33%) and hypercholesterolemia (60%), and examines the association with risk biomarkers. Methods: This cross-sectional population study evaluated 1,330 Japanese-Brazilians of both genders aged ≥ 30 who underwent a complete physical examination, anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests and ankle-brachial index (ABI). Participants with ABI ≤ 0.90 were diagnosed as having PAD. After applying the exclusion criteria, 1,038 individuals were part of the analysis. We used Poisson regression to analyze associations with PAD. Results: The mean age was 56.8 years and the percentage of PAD was 21.1%, equal among the genders. PAD was associated with smoking (PR 2.16 [1.33 to 3.48]) and hypertension (PR 1.56 [1.12-2.22]). Conclusion: The percentage of PAD in Japanese-Brazilians was similar to other populations of adverse cardiometabolic profile (US PARTNERS and POPADAD). The independent association of PAD with smoking and hypertension, but not with other classical risk factors, may depend on the very high frequencies of metabolic disorders in this population. .

Lower limb vascular dysfunction in cyclists / Disfunções vasculares em membros inferiores de ciclistas

Sports-related vascular insufficiency affecting the lower limbs is uncommon, and early signs and symptoms can be confused with musculoskeletal injuries. This is also the case among professional cyclists, who are always at the threshold between endurance and excess training. The aim of this review was to analyze the occurrence of vascular disorders in the lower limbs of cyclists and to discuss possible etiologies. Eighty-five texts, including papers and books, published from 1950 to 2012, were used. According to the literature reviewed, some cyclists receive a late diagnosis of vascular dysfunction due to a lack of familiarity of the medical team with this type of dysfunction. Data revealed that a reduced blood flow in the external iliac artery, especially on the left, is much more common than in the femoral and popliteal arteries, and that vascular impairment is responsible for the occurrence of early fatigue and reduced performance in cycling.

O desenvolvimento de insuficiência vascular em membros inferiores relacionada à prática esportiva é incomum e no início do surgimento dos sinais e sintomas frequentemente pode ser confundida com lesão musculoesquelética, a exemplo de casos relatados em ciclistas profissionais, por estarem sempre no limiar entre o treinamento em nível máximo e o excesso de treinamento. O objetivo desta revisão de literatura foi analisar a ocorrência de disfunções vasculares em membros inferiores em ciclistas e as possíveis etiologias. Oitenta e cinco textos, entre artigos e livros publicados de 1950 a 2012 foram utilizados. Segundo a literatura, alguns ciclistas têm o diagnóstico de disfunção vascular realizado tardiamente devido à falta da familiaridade da equipe médica com esta modalidade de disfunção. Os resultados da pesquisa revelaram que a redução do fluxo sanguíneo na artéria ilíaca externa, em especial a esquerda, é bem mais comum que a da artéria femoral e poplítea, e que o comprometimento vascular é responsável pela ocorrência de fadiga precoce e redução do desempenho no ciclismo.

Arteriopatía periférica crónica inducida por cocaína / Chronic peripheral arterial disease induced by cocaine

La trombosis periférica aguda inducida por cocaína ha sido descripta en la literatura, siendo una complicación poco común. Si bien existen comunicaciones que reflejan los efectos crónicos de la cocaína sobre el sistema arterial periférico, no hay casos publicados de tal complicación en ausencia de otros factores de riesgo. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 22 años de edad con antecedentes de consumo de cocaína intranasal de 3 gramos por semana durante un año, que consultó por claudicación intermitente a los 200 metros asociada a dolor y parestesias en miembro inferior izquierdo de 2 meses de evolución. El ecodoppler arterial evidenció una estenosis mayor del 70% en la arteria femoral superficial izquierda. Se realizaron estudios complementarios descartando otras etiologías probables. Se inició tratamiento con ácido acetilsalicílico, cilostazol y ejercicio reglado, asociado a terapia de apoyo para mantenimiento del cese del consumo de cocaína, con buena respuesta. Se destaca la importancia de la difusión de información a los pacientes, dado que la mayoría de la población desconoce las complicaciones cardiovasculares de dicha adicción. Es indispensable indagar sobre el consumo de cocaína en pacientes jóvenes con arteriopatía sin factores de riesgo aparentes.

Cocaine induced acute peripheral thrombosis, though a rare complication, has been described in the literature. Although there are reports describing the chronic effects of cocaine on the peripheral arterial system, there are no published cases of this complication when other risk factors are lacking. We report on a 22 year old female patient, with intranasal consumption of 3 grams of cocaine per week for a year, who consulted for intermittent claudication at 200 meters, associated to left lower limb pain and paresthesiae for the last two months. Arterial Doppler ultrasonography showed a stenosis greater than 70% in the superficial left femoral artery. Other probable etiologies were excluded. Treatment was initiated with acetylsalicylic acid, cilostazol and graded physical exercise, associated to support therapy in order to maintain cocaine consumption avoidance, with good response. This case emphasizes the relevance of patients information, as most people ignore the cardiovascular complication of this addiction. It is also essential to inquire about cocaine consumption in young patients with peripheral arteriopathy and no apparent risk factors.